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SUBJECT INDEX N |
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national treatment: see national treatment, exceptions (GATT III:8); national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1); national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4); national treatment, services and service suppliers (GATS XVII); national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2); national treatment (TRIPS 3) national treatment, exceptions (GATT III:8) payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers (GATT II:8(b)) GATT 281–3 expenditure of revenue by government, limitation to GATT 281 SCM Agreement and GATT 282, 303–6 national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1) measures imposed at the time or point of importation (“internal measures”) (GATT Ad Art. III) imposition on like domestic product requirement GATT 123–4, 401 quantitative restrictions (GATT XI) distinguished GATT 94–6, 401–3, 418 State trading enterprises and GATT 126 products not subject of tariff concession under GATT II GATT 120 competition law compared GATT 121 as context for interpretation of GATT III:2–5 GATT 140–3, 234 interpretation of GATT III as a whole and consistency of interpretation, need for GATT 237 effectiveness principle GATT 141 GATT III:1 as context GATT 141 interpretation of WTO Agreement as a whole as a whole and GATT 300 publication and administration of regulations (GATT X) and GATT 388, 390 “so as to afford protection” GATT 116: see also national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4), “so as to afford protection”; national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2), “so as to afford protection” equality of competitive conditions GATT 118, 119 GATT practice GATT 137 protection of competitive relationship GATT 135–6 GATS II and XVII distinguished GATS 24 omission from GATT III:2, first sentence, relevance GATT 152 national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) actual impact, relevance GATT 260 GATS 1:1 compared GATT 263 GATT practice GATT 264 hurricane licences GATT 272 licensing procedures GATT 259 nature of advantage, relevance GATT 262 purpose of measure, relevance GATT 259 anti-dumping (GATT VI) and GATT 288–92, 343 applicability to direct taxes [on individual] GATT 304 determination of violation, requirements GATT 229–30 General Exceptions (GATT XX) and GATT 277–8, 590–2, 632, DSU 7 general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT 140, 142, 230, 233–6, 259 “laws, regulations or requirements” GATT practice GATT 249 identity of measure, relevance GATT 402 “measures” (GATT XXIII:1(b)) distinguished GATT 252 “less favourable treatment” discriminatory system for allocation of import licences GATT 107, 125, 285 equality of competitive conditions as test GATT 265–8, 271 formal differentiation in treatment, relevance GATT 270–3 GATT practice GATT 287 grouping approach GATT 268 market effect as test GATT 273 as requirement for violation finding GATT 238 “like product”: see “like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4) methodology of comparison, individual transactions basis GATT 218, 275 “requirements” GATT practice GATT 258 local content requirement GATT 261 non-mandatory measures GATT 255–7 private contractual arrangements, relevance GATT 18 n. 20, 255 ratio requirement (net sales value of locally-produced product/locally sold product) GATT 261 “restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT 403 “so as to afford protection” GATT 230 TRIMs and GATT 296 n. 452, 307–10, TRIMs 27–36 Illustrative List GATT 307, TRIMs 3, 5–6, 30 national treatment, services and service suppliers (GATS XVII) determination of violation, requirements aims and effects test GATT 132,GATS 76 GATT practice GATT 134 electronic commerce GATS 74 foreign character of services (SG XVII, footnote 10), relevance GATS 77 “like service and service supplier” (GATS II:1), wholesale transactions GATS 75 national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2): see also directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2); “like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4) applicability, indirect taxes [taxes on products] GATT 304 “charge of any kind” GATT 173 GATT practice GATT 174 customary rules of interpretation of public international law and GATT 222 determination of violation, requirements aims and effects test/policy purpose GATT 128–32, 184–6 burden of proof GATT 155, 192–3 directly competitive or substitutable product: see directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2) duration of tax differential, relevance GATT 180 “like product” and “in excess of” GATT 152–4 as separate elements GATT 191 tax on imported product in excess of domestic product GATT 175–86 GATT practice GATT 183 “not similarly taxed” distinguished GATT 214–16 “directly or indirectly” GATT 187–8 GATT practice GATT 189 discrimination or disguised restriction of trade resulting from inconsistency of SPS measure (SPS 5.5) distinguished SPS 141–2 first and second sentences distinguished GATT 145–9, 191, 235–6 GATT practice GATT 100 general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT 121, 141, 152–4 Interpretative Note Ad Article III:2, relevance GATT 151, 190, 215, 235 n. 358 methodology of comparison dissimilar taxation of some imported products GATT 217 “grouping” approach GATT 207, 209 individual transactions basis GATT 176–9, 210, 217–18, 275 “not similarly taxed” GATT 191 “so as to afford protection” distinguished GATT 219 threshold/de minimis differential GATT 214–15 object and purpose GATT 198 “so as to afford protection” GATT 191 as application of general principle (GATT III:1) GATT 154 design and structure of measure as evidence of protective application GATT 165, 220, 225, 227, RO 4 GATT practice GATT 228 intention, relevance GATT 224–7, RO 4 necessity of tax, relevance GATT 227 “not similarly taxed” distinguished GATT 219 tariff roles as evidence of GATT 223 tax differentials as evidence of protective application GATT 221 applicability (TRIPS 3.1, footnote 3) TRIPS 18 GATT III:4 compared TRIPS 19, 27 GATT practice TRIPS 27 offset applicability to all trademark owners requirement TRIPS 210–11 discretionary administrative procedure as TRIPS 22–3 protection of trade-related property rights and TRIPS 15–23 TRIPS 20 (other requirements) and TRIPS 18, 82 Negotiating Group on Basic Communications, establishment GATS 138 Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommunications, establishment GATS 115, 138 Negotiating Group on Maritime Services, establishment GATS 138 Negotiating Group on Market Access: see market access for non-agricultural products (Doha Declaration, para. 16), Negotiating Group on Market Access Negotiating Group on Natural Persons, establishment GATS 138 responsibilities WTO 127 regional trade agreements (GATT XXIV:5) (RTAs) WTO 127 n. 210 negotiations concerning multilateral trade relations, WTO as forum for WTO 16–19 Doha Ministerial Conference (WTO IV:1) WTO 18–19 “further negotiation” analysis and exchange of information, Singapore Ministerial Conference/Declaration (1996) WTO 16 Geneva Ministerial Conference recommendations WTO 17 “New Strategy for WTO Technical Cooperation for Capacity Building, Growth and Integration”, endorsement (Doha Declaration) WTO 90 Enabling Clause notifications GSP schemes GATT 31 special treatment of least-developed country Members GATT 40 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) General Council relations with (WTO V:2) WTO 138–9 observer status WTO 139 non-actionable subsidies (SCM 8) arbitration procedures (SCM 8.5) SCM 229 consultations and authorized remedies (SCM 9), expiry (SCM 31) SCM 231 Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns and SCM 224 expiry (SCM 31) SCM 223 notifications (SCM 8.3) Format for Notifications (1995) SCM 226 legal requirements (SCM 8.2), effect on SCM 216 Format for Updates of Notifications (1997) SCM 227 non-discriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII): see also quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI) administrative distinctions, relevance GATT 431 allocation of quotas to Members having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)) GATT 441 allocation of quotas to Members not having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)) GATT 439–40 allocation of tariff/import quotas to non-Members GATT 437, 441–2 “representative period” GATT 439 n. 646 allocation to Members not having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:1) GATT 433, 438 compensation negotiations (GATT XVIII) and GATT 448, 732 concessions on agricultural products and (AG 21.1): see Agriculture Agreement (AG), GATT 1994 and (AG 21.1), market access concessions and commitments (AG 4.1) and distribution of trade as close as possible to expected shares in absence of restrictions as aim (GATT XIII:2, chapeau) GATT 435–7 elimination of QRs (GATT XI) and GATT 422 finding as factual matter DSU 447 GATT practice GATT 434, 443, 449 inclusion of inconsistent allocations in Schedule of Concessions, relevance GATT 111 market access (AG 4.1) and: see market access (AG 4), concessions and commitments (AG 4.1), consistency with GATT XIII object and purpose (GATT XIII:2) GATT 426, 432, 439 publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X:3(a)). GATT 380–4 publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X:3(a)), “reasonable” (risk of disclosure of confidential information) GATT 383 safeguard measures (SG 5) and: see safeguard measures (SG/GATT XIX), application of measures (SG 5), non-discrimination (GATT XIII) and non-discriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII), exceptions (GATT XIV) GATT practice GATT 454 State trading organizations and: see State trading enterprises (GATT XVII), “restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28): see also retroactivity; retroactivity (provisional measures and anti-dumping duties) (AD 10); retroactivity (trade measures) (ATC 6.10) in absence of different intention DSU 65–7 pre-existing rights, countervailing duties (SCM 32.3) GATT 316, 329, SCM 398–9 non-tariff measures: see quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI) non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)): see also nullification or impairment (GATT XXIII) “any measure” GATT 644 government measures, limitation to GATT 657 measure currently in force, limitation to GATT 658 non-binding action GATT 656 non-commercial measure GATT 649 “benefit”/legitimate expectation of improved market access as DSU 74 arising out of successive rounds of negotiation GATT 659–62 customary international law and GATT 674, 676, GPA 11 MFN treatment as alternative GATT 659 n. 935 reasonable anticipation and GATT 663–9, 672 resulting from negotiations GATT 674–6, GPA 10–11 burden of proof GATT 652–5, DSU 807–8 DSU 26.1 and DSU 74 as exceptional remedy GATT 645–6, DSU 807 GATT XXIII:1(a) distinguished GATT 644 GATT practice GATT 680 Government Procurement Agreement claims distinguished GATT 674–6, GPA 10 “measure” affecting the competitive relationship, GATT III:4 compared GATT 269 government action, limitation to DSU 188, 198–200 “law regulations or requirements” (GATT III:4) compared GATT 252 nullification or impairment, need for GATT 671–3 competitive relationship as key factor GATT 671 object and purpose GATT 647 non-violation claims (GPA XXII:2) GPA 9–16 burden of proof GPA 13 table of disputes GPA 17 Enabling Clause notifications GSP schemes GATT 31 special treatment of least-developed country Members GATT 40 notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2)) amendment/clarification DSU 864 conditional appeal, exclusion DSU 869–70 due process and DSU 250, 855, 857–8, 865 notification of allegation of panel’s failure to make objective assessment (DSU 11) DSU 866–8 notification of challenge to panel’s exercise of jurisdiction DSU 250, 863 statement of allegation of error on issues of law/legal interpretations (ABWP 20(2)(d)) DSU 850 generic statement, sufficiency DSU 859 identification of facts requiring panel to draw inferences DSU 856 indication of appropriate factual or legal inferences DSU 856 legal argument in support of claim distinguished DSU 856, 860 paragraph numbers/extracts from panel report, sufficiency DSU 858 as trigger for appeal process (ABWP 20(1)) DSU 855 withdrawal of appeal (ABWP 30) DSU 888 conditioned on right to refile notice of appeal in accordance with WP 20 DSU 889–91 notification and consultation (SG 12) AG 244–80 “adequate opportunity for prior consultations” (SG 12.3) AG 269–72 level of concessions (SG 8.1) and AG 233–4 as “sufficient time for meaningful exchange” AG 234 “all pertinent information” (SG 12.2) AG 264–6 injury factors (SG 4.2(a)) and AG 264–6, 274 objective test AG 264, 274 precise description of proposed measure sufficient for prior consultation under SG 12.3 AG 271, 273–4 format AG 260–1, 276 non-binding nature AG 263 “immediately” (SG 12.1) AG 245–59 “immediately” (SG 12.1(a)) AG 249–51 “immediately” (SG 12.1(b)) AG 252–4 “immediately” (SG 12.1(c)) AG 255–9 “initiation of investigation and reasons for it” (SG 12.1(a)), limitation to AG 262–3 AD 5 and SCM 11 distinguished AG 263 SG 3.1 and 4.2 distinguished AG 263 modifications reducing restrictiveness of measure (SG 7.4), limitation to AG 231, 275 object and purpose AG 266 pre-existing GATT measures (SG 10/SG 12.7) AG 279–80 signatories entitled to become original Members of WTO and AG 279 prompt notification of laws, regulations and administrative procedures (SG 12.6), compliance record AG 278 right to request additional information, relevance AG 265, 273 Technical Cooperation Handbook on Notification Requirements, relevance AG 244 timeliness (SG 12.1, 12.3 and 12.3) AG 267 notification formats SCM 226–7, 329–30, 385, 387, AG 237–8, 243, 244, 260–1, 276, GATS 36, 42, 48, 54, 57, 61, 65, 124, 149, TRIPS 13, 25 non-binding nature AG 263 notification obligations and procedures consultations (DSU 4.4) DSU 127 GPA Agreement GPA 21 IBM III IBM 2 IDA III IDA 2 IDA IV:1(a) IDA 3 IDA VI:4 IDA 7 import licensing: see Import Licensing Procedures Agreement (LIC), notification obligations (LIC 1.4 and 5) non-actionable subsidies: see non-actionable subsidies (SCM 8), notifications (SCM 8.3) notification of enquiry/contact points (GATS III:4/GATS IV:2) GATS 37, 39–40 PSI Agreement: see PSI Agreement, notification (PSI 5), requirements Rules of Origin: see Rules of Origin Agreement (RO), notification of rules of origin, judicial decisions and administrative rulings (RO 5), in language other than WTO working language SPS Agreement: see also transparency of SPS regulations (SPS 7 and Annex B) equivalence (SPS 4), experience with implementation SPS 92 State trading enterprises (GATT VII:4): see State trading enterprises (GATT XVII), notification requirements (GATT XVII:4/Understanding on the Interpretation of Art. VII) Technical Cooperation Handbook on Notification Requirements, relevance AG 244 notification obligations and procedures (ATC 2.1): see also transitional safeguards (ATC 6), notification, need for 60 day period, mandatory nature ATC 7 late notifications ATC 14 notification obligations and procedures (TRIMs 2.1) Council for Trade decisions relating to TRIMs 8–9, 22220 notification formats (TRIMs 5.5) TRIMs 15 notification obligations and procedures (TRIPS) enquiry/contact points (TRIPS 69) TRIPS 154 laws and regulations, final judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application (TRIPS 63.2) TRIPS 25, 31, 137–8 notification formats TRIPS 25, 31 rationalization of the burden, Council for Trips and WTO 67 Notification Obligations and Procedures, Working Group on, establishment WTO 71 notification obligations (SCM 25): see also non-actionable subsidies (SCM 8), notifications (SCM 8.3) effect of notification (SCM 25.7) SCM 331 notification formats SCM 226–7, 329–30, 385, 387 report without delay (SCM 25.11) minimum information SCM 332 semi-annual reports SCM 333 notification procedures (TBT 2.9) Code of Good Practice (Annex 3, para. j) TBT 67 comments on notified regulations procedures for handling TBT 34 time limits TBT 33 documentation processing of requests for TBT 32 translation TBT 31 electronic transmission TBT 36 labelling requirements TBT 28 listing of notifications TBT 35 notification format and guidelines TBT 27, 49 “significant effect on trade of other members” (TBT 2.9 and 5.6) TBT 30 TBT Committee recommendations and decisions relating to TBT 26–36 timing TBT 29 nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8) adverse impact/prejudice, relevance AD 278–9, 327, DSU 95–101 direct or indirect benefits (DSU 3.3) DSU 709 foreseeability and DSU 100 GATS XXIII (dispute settlement and enforcement), distinguished GATS 127, DSU 102 inconsistency with covered agreement as prima facie evidence of, rebuttal SCM 177 lost opportunities, relevance DSU 709 presumption in case of inconsistency with covered agreement DSU 95–101, 709, 711 adverse effects (SCM 5) distinguished SCM 200, DSU 99 SCM 3 and 4 (prohibited subsidies) distinguished SCM 177, DSU 765–6 SCM 5 (adverse effects) SCM 177, 181–2 SCM 7.9 and 10 (commensurate with degree and nature of adverse effects) distinguished SCM 182, 220 nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4): see suspension of concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22), level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4) nullification or impairment (GATT XXIII): see also non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)) measures in force, limitation to GATT 658
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